现在完成时

构成:have /has +done/been done

用法:1动作发生在过去对现在的影响

eg:The possibility has been dismissed that he has liver failure。

2 动作开始于过去,一直持续到现在

eg:How long have you lived here?

3在时间条件壮语从句中,用现在完成时替代将来完成时

eg:When you have finished the magazine,please lend it to me。

常用时间状语:1表示到现在为止:already ,yet ,just ,ever, never ,before ,since ,so far, until now ,by now ,up to now。

2表示最近:recentl,lately in the past/last few years

3包含现在在内的时间状语:this morning/afternoon,all the year ,all day

过去完成时

构成:had + done/been done

1。

   由时间状语来判定

与过去完成时连用的时间状语有:   

( 1 ) by + 过去的时间点。如:   I had finished reading the novel by nine o'clock last night。   

( 2 ) by the end of + 过去的时间点。

  如:   We had learned over two thousand English words by the end of last term。   

( 3 ) before + 过去的时间点。如:   They had planted six hundred trees before last Wednesday

2。

   由“过去的过去”来判定。   过去完成时表示“过去的过去”,是指过去某一动作之前已经发生或完成的动作,即动作有先后关系,动作在前的用过去完成时,在后的用一般过去时。这种用法常出现在:   

( 1 )宾语从句中   当宾语从句的主句为一般过去时,且从句的动作先于主句的动作时,从句要用过去完成时。

  在told, said, knew, heard, thought等动词后的宾语从句。如:   She said that she had seen the film before。   

( 2 )状语从句中   在时间、条件、原因、方式等状语从句中,主、从句的动作发生有先后关系,动作在前的,要用过去完成时,动作在后的要用一般过去时。

  如:   After he had finished his homework, he went to bed。   注意: before, after 引导的时间状语从句中,由于 before 和 after 本身已表达了动作的先后关系,若主、从句表示的动作紧密相连,则主、从句都用一般过去时。

  如:   After he closed the door, he left the classroom。   

(3)表示意向的动词,如hope, wish, expect, think, intend, mean, suppose等,用过去完成时表示"原本…,未能…"   We had hoped that you would come, but you didn't。

过去完成时与现在完成时的区别

  现在完成时表示的动作发生在过去,以现在的时间为基点,但侧重对现在产生的结果或造成的影响,与现在有关,其结构为“助动词 have (has) + 过去分词”;过去完成时则是一个相对的时态,以过去时间为基点,它所表示的动作不仅发生在过去,更强调“过去的过去”,只有和过去某时或某动作相比较时,才用到它。

     比较:I have learned 1000 English words so far。到目前为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。   I had learned 1000 English words till then。到那时为止我已经学会了 1000 个英语单词。

     — I'm sorry to keep you waiting。 对不起,让你久等了。   — Oh, not at all。 I have been here only a few minutes。没什么,我只等了几分钟。(“等”的动作从过去某一时间点持续到现在)。